A Deficiency of What Vitamin Is Not Expected to Affect Immune Function in Any Way?

Print this fact sheet

by J. Clifford and A. Kozil* (nine/17)

Quick Facts…

• Small-scale amounts of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin Due east and vitamin Thou are needed to maintain expert  health.
• Fatty-soluble vitamins volition non exist lost when the foods that comprise them are cooked.
• The body does non need these vitamins every day and stores them in the liver and adipose  (fatty) tissue when not used.
• Most people practise not need vitamin supplements.
• Megadoses of vitamins A, D, E or K can be toxic and pb to wellness problems.
• Requirements for vitamins may be expressed in different mathematical units. Close attention should be paid to ensure that like units are being compared.

What are Vitamins?

Vitamins are essential micronutrients required by the torso in pocket-size amounts to support a range of vital functions.  Vitamins are divided into two groups: water-soluble (B-circuitous vitamins and C
vitamins) and fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E and K). Unlike h2o-soluble vitamins that need regular replacement in the body, fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fat tissues, and are
eliminated much more slowly than water-soluble vitamins. For more information on water-soluble vitamins, see fact canvas 9.312 H2o-Soluble Vitamins: Vitamin B-Circuitous and Vitamin C.

What are Fatty-Soluble Vitamins?

The fatty-soluble vitamins, A, D, Due east, and K, are stored in the trunk for long periods of fourth dimension and generally pose a greater risk for toxicity than water-soluble vitamins when consumed in excess. Eating a normal, well-balanced diet will not lead to toxicity in otherwise healthy individuals. However, taking vitamin supplements that contain megadoses of vitamins A, D, E and K may pb to toxicity.

While diseases acquired by a lack of fat-soluble vitamins are rare in the United States, symptoms of mild deficiency can develop without adequate amounts of vitamins in the nutrition. Additionally, some
health problems, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic pancreatitis, and cystic fibrosis, may decrease the absorption of fat, and in plough, decrease the absorption of vitamins A, D, E and Thou. Consult a medical professional near any potential health problems that may interfere with vitamin absorption.

Vitamin A: Retinol

What is Vitamin A?

Vitamin A, as well called retinol, has many functions in the body. In addition to helping the optics accommodate to light changes, vitamin A plays an important role in os growth, tooth development, reproduction, cell division, factor expression, and regulation of the immune system. The peel, eyes, and mucous membranes of the oral cavity, nose, pharynx and lungs depend on vitamin A to remain moist. Vitamin A is also an important antioxidant that may play a function in the prevention of certain cancers.

Food Sources for Vitamin A

Eating a broad multifariousness of foods is the all-time way to ensure that the body gets enough vitamin A. The  retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid forms of vitamin A are supplied primarily past foods of animal origin such every bit dairy products, fish and liver. Some foods of plant origin contain the antioxidant, beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A. Beta-carotene, comes from fruits and vegetables, especially those that are orange or dark green in colour. Vitamin A sources also include carrots, pumpkin, winter squash, dark green leafy vegetables and apricots, all of which are rich in betacarotene.

How Much Vitamin A Practice We Need?

The recommendation for vitamin A intake is expressed as micrograms (mcg) of retinol activity equivalents (RAE). Retinol action equivalents account for the fact that the torso converts but a portion of beta-carotene to retinol. One RAE equals 1 mcg of retinol or 12 mcg of beta-carotene (Table 1). The Recommended Dietary Assart (RDA) for vitamin A is 900 mcg/ twenty-four hour period for adult males and 700 mcg/24-hour interval for adult females.

Compared to vitamin A containing foods, information technology takes twice the amount of carotene rich foods to come across the torso'due south vitamin A requirements, then 1 may demand to increment consumption of carotene containing plant foods to meet the RDA for vitamin A.

Studies indicate that vitamin A requirements may be increased due to hyperthyroidism, fever, infection, common cold, and exposure to excessive amounts of sunlight. Those who consume excess alcohol or have renal illness should also increase intake of vitamin A.

Vitamin A Deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency in the Usa is rare, but the affliction that results is known every bit xerophthalmia, which can lead to blindness if untreated. It almost commonly occurs in developing nations usually due to malnutrition. Since vitamin A is stored in the liver, it may take upward to two years for signs of deficiency to appear. Night blindness and very dry out, rough skin may indicate a lack of vitamin A. Other signs of possible vitamin A deficiency include decreased resistance to infections, faulty molar development, and slower os growth. Vitamin A deficiency is also a known risk factor for astringent measles. Co-ordinate to the World Wellness System (WHO), Vitamin A supplementation can significantly reduce mortality rates for children with measles who live in areas with a high prevalence of Vitamin A deficiency. The effectiveness of vitamin A supplementation to treat measles in countries, such as the Usa, where vitamin A intakes are generally adequate, is uncertain.

Too much Vitamin A

In the United States, toxic or excess levels of vitamin A are more of a business organisation than deficiencies. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for adults is iii,000 mcg RAE (Table ii). It would be difficult to reach this level consuming food alone, merely some multivitamin supplements contain high doses of vitamin A. Retinol is the course of vitamin A that causes the greatest concern for toxicity. If y'all have a multivitamin, check the label to be certain the bulk of vitamin A provided is in the grade of beta-carotene, which appears to be safe. Some medications used to treat acne, psoriasis, and other pare weather contain compounds that mimic retinol in the body. Much like excessive intake of dietary retinol, these medications take been shown to negatively impact bone health and consequence in delayed growth in children and teens.

Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include dry, itchy skin, headache, nausea, and loss of appetite. Signs of severe overuse over a brusque flow of fourth dimension include dizziness, blurred vision and slowed growth. Vitamin A toxicity can also cause astringent birth defects and may increase the hazard for bone loss and hip fractures.

Vitamin D

What is Vitamin D?

Vitamin D plays a disquisitional part in the body's apply of calcium and phosphorous. Information technology works by increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from the small intestine, helping to course and maintain bones. Vitamin D benefits the body past playing a role in immunity and decision-making prison cell growth and may protect confronting osteoporosis, high blood pressure, cancer, and other diseases. Children particularly need adequate amounts of vitamin D to develop stiff bones and healthy teeth.

Food Sources for Vitamin D

The primary nutrient sources of vitamin D are milk and other dairy products fortified with vitamin D. Vitamin D is also constitute in oily fish (e.one thousand., herring, salmon and sardines) as well as in cod liver oil. In add-on to the vitamin D provided by food, we obtain vitamin D through our skin which produces vitamin D in response to sunlight.

How much Vitamin D Do We Demand?

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin D appears equally micrograms (mcg) of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) (Tabular array i). From 12 months to historic period fifty, the RDA is prepare at xv mcg. Twenty mcg of cholecalciferol equals 800 International Units (IU), which is the recommendation for maintenance of good for you bone for adults over 50. Tabular array 1 lists additional recommendations for diverse life stages.

Exposure to ultraviolet low-cal is necessary for the trunk to produce the active form of vitamin D. Ten to fifteen minutes of sunlight without sunscreen on the hands, arms and face, twice a calendar week is sufficient to receive enough vitamin D. This tin easily exist obtained in the time spent riding a cycle to work or taking a short walk with arms and legs exposed. In club to reduce the run a risk for skin cancer one should apply sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or more, if time in the sun exceeds 10 to fifteen minutes.

Vitamin D Deficiency

Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency in growing children include rickets (long, soft bowed legs) and flattening of the back of the skull. Vitamin D deficiency in adults may result in osteomalacia (muscle and os weakness), and osteoporosis (loss of bone mass). Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious disease.Enquiry shows that vitamin D insufficiency affects well-nigh 50% of the population worldwide; an estimated 1 billion people. The ascension rate of deficiency has been linked to a reduction in outdoor activity and an increase in the use of sunscreen amid children and adults. In addition, those who live in inner cities, wear wearable that covers most of the pare, or live in northern climates where little sun is seen in the winter are too decumbent to vitamin D deficiency. Since near foods have very low vitamin D levels (unless they are enriched) a deficiency may be more probable to develop without adequate exposure to sunlight. Calculation fortified foods to the diet such as milk, and for adults including a supplement, are effective at ensuring adequate vitamin D intake and preventing low vitamin D levels. In the absenteeism of adequate sunday exposure, at least 800 to 1,000 IU of vitamin D3 may be needed to reach the circulating level required to maximize vitamin D'south benefits.

Who is at Risk — These populations may require extra vitamin D in the course of supplements or fortified foods:

• Exclusively chest-fed infants : Human milk only provides 25 IU of vitamin D per liter. All chest-fed and partially breast-fed infants should be given a vitamin D supplement of 400 IU/24-hour interval.
• Nighttime Pare : Those with dark pigmented skin synthesize less vitamin D upon exposure to sunlight compared to those with light pigmented skin.
• Elderly : This population has a reduced ability to synthesize vitamin D upon exposure to sunlight, and is as well more than likely to stay indoors and clothing sunscreen which blocks vitamin D synthesis.
• Covered and protected skin : Those that encompass all of their skin with clothing while outside, and those that vesture sunscreen with an SPF factor of 8, block most of the synthesis of vitamin D from sunlight.
• Disease : Fat malabsorption syndromes, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and obesity are all known to result in a decreased ability to absorb and/or utilise vitamin D in fatty stores.

Too much Vitamin D

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for vitamin D is set at 100 mcg (4000 IUs) for people 9 years of age and older (Table 2). Loftier doses of vitamin D supplements coupled with big amounts of fortified foods may cause accumulations in the liver and produce signs of poisoning. Signs of vitamin D toxicity include excess calcium in the blood, slowed mental and physical growth, decreased appetite, nausea and vomiting.

It is especially important that infants and immature children practice not consume backlog amounts of vitamin D regularly, due to their modest body size.

Vitamin E: Tocopherol

What is Vitamin E?

Vitamin E benefits the body by acting as an antioxidant, and protecting vitamins A and C, red blood cells, and essential fatty acids from devastation. Enquiry from decades ago suggested that taking antioxidant supplements, vitamin East in particular, might help foreclose heart illness and cancer. Yet, newer findings indicate that people who take antioxidant and vitamin E supplements are not better protected against heart affliction and cancer than non-supplement users. Many studies show a link between regularly eating an antioxidant rich nutrition full of fruits and vegetables, and a lower gamble for heart disease, cancer, Alzheimer's Affliction, and several other diseases. Essentially, research indicates that to receive the full benefits of antioxidants and phytonutrients in the diet, one should consume these compounds in the form of fruits, vegetables, nuts, and seeds, not every bit supplements.

Food Sources for Vitamin E

About sixty percent of vitamin Eastward in the diet comes from vegetable oil (soybean, corn, cottonseed, and safflower). This also includes products fabricated with vegetable oil (margarine and salad dressing). Vitamin E sources also include fruits and vegetables, grains, basics (almonds and hazelnuts), seeds (sunflower) and fortified cereals.

How much Vitamin East Practice We Need?

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin E is based on the most active and usable form called alpha-tocopherol (Tabular array 1). Food and supplement labels list alpha-tocopherol as the unit of measurement international units (IU) or micrograms (mcg), not in milligrams (mg). One microgram of alpha-tocopherol equals to ane.5 International units (IU). RDA guidelines state that males and females over the age of 14 should receive fifteen mcg (22.5 IUs) of alpha-tocopherol per day. Consuming vitamin Eastward in excess of the RDA does not result in whatsoever added benefits.

Vitamin Eastward Deficiency

Vitamin E deficiency is rare. Cases of vitamin E deficiency commonly merely occur in premature infants and in those unable to blot fats. Since vegetable oils are expert sources of vitamin E, people who excessively reduce their full dietary fatty may not get enough vitamin E.

Too much Vitamin E

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for vitamin Due east is shown in Tabular array 2.Vitamin East obtained from food usually does not pose a risk for toxicity. Supplemental vitamin E is not recommended due to lack of evidence supporting any added wellness benefits. Megadoses of supplemental vitamin E may pose a risk to people taking blood-thinning medications such every bit Coumadin (also known as warfarin) and those on statin drugs.

Vitamin K

What is Vitamin Thousand?

Vitamin K is naturally produced by the bacteria in the intestines, and plays an essential role in normal blood clotting, promoting bone health, and helping to produce proteins for claret, basic, and kidneys.

Nutrient Sources for Vitamin K

Good food sources of vitamin K are green, leafy-vegetables such as turnip greens, spinach, cauliflower, cabbage and broccoli, and certain vegetables oils including soybean oil, cottonseed oil, canola oil and olive oil. Animal foods, in general, contain limited amounts of vitamin K.

How much Vitamin Thousand Practice Nosotros Need?

To help ensure people receive sufficient amounts of vitamin K, an Adequate Intake (AI) has been established for each age group (Table one).

Vitamin G Deficiency

Without sufficient amounts of vitamin K, hemorrhaging can occur. Vitamin 1000 deficiency may appear in infants or in people who take anticoagulants, such every bit Coumadin (warfarin), or antibiotic drugs. Newborn babies lack the intestinal leaner to produce vitamin Yard and need a supplement for the starting time week. Those on anticoagulant drugs (blood thinners) may become vitamin K deficient, but should not change their vitamin K intake without consulting a physician. People taking antibiotics may lack vitamin K temporarily because abdominal leaner are sometimes killed as a event of long-term employ of antibiotics. Too, people with chronic diarrhea may have issues absorbing sufficient amounts of vitamin K through the intestine and should consult their doctor to decide if supplementation is necessary.

Too much Vitamin G

Although no Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) has been established for vitamin K, excessive amounts can cause the breakdown of red blood cells and liver damage. People taking blood-thinning drugs or anticoagulants should moderate their intake of foods with vitamin K, because excess vitamin 1000 can change blood clotting times. Large doses of vitamin K are not advised.

Summary

• Fat-soluble vitamins: A, D, E, and K —are stored in the trunk for long periods of time, and pose a greater take a chance for toxicity than h2o-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamins are merely needed in small amounts.
• Beta carotene is an of import antioxidant that the torso converts to Vitamin A,and it is found in a variety of fruits and vegetables.
• Inadequate dietary consumption of vitamin D, along with limited sun exposure, makes vitamin D deficiency a growing public health business concern.
• Vitamin Due east benefits the body by interim equally an antioxidant, and research indicates that it may offer a protective effect if obtained through a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, as opposed to a supplement or multivitamin.
• The leaner in our gut produce vitamin Thousand, and it is likewise found in green leafy vegetables.

Table 1. Recommended Dietary Intake (RDA) and Adequate Intake (AI) for Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Life Stage Group	Vitamin A (mcgane/RAE)	Vitamin D (mcg2)	Vitamin E (mcg a-TEiii)	Vitamin Chiliad (mcg)
Infantsiv
0 – 6mo	400*	10*	iv*	ii.0*
6mo – 12mo	500*	10*	5*	2.5*
Children
i – 3y	300	15	6	xxx*
4 – 8y	400	15	7	55*
Males
9 – 13y	600	15	11	60*
14 – 18y	900	15	15	75*
19 – 30y	900	15	xv	120*
31 – 50y	900	fifteen	15	120*
51 – 70y	900	fifteen	15	120*
>70y	900	20	15	120*
Females
9 – 13y	600	fifteen	eleven	60*
fourteen – 18y	700	fifteen	15	75*
xix – 30y	700	15	fifteen	90*
31 – 50y	700	fifteen	15	90*
51 – 70y	700	15	fifteen	90*
>70y	700	twenty	15	ninety*
Pregnant
fourteen – 18y	750	15	15	75
19 – 30y	770	15	15	90
31 – 50y	770	xv	15	90
Lactation
14 – 18y	1200	15	19	75
19 – 30y	1300	15	nineteen	xc
31 – 50y	1300	15	19	90

¹Every bit retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1mcg retinol or 12 mcg beta-carotene.

ⁱⁱEqually cholecalciferol (vitamin D3). x mcg cholecalciferol = 400 IU of Vitamin D.

³As alpha-tocopherol equivalents. 1 mg of alpha-tocopherol = ane.5 IU of Vitamin E=22IU of d-alpha-tocopherol=33 IU of dl-blastoff- tocopherol

⁴At 6 months of age, infants may be introduced to solid foods while remaining on formula or breast milk. There may exist some overlap in specific food requirements.

*Indicates an Adequate Intake (AI). All other values are Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA).

Table 2. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) for Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Life Phase Group	Vitamin A (mcg/d)	Vitamin D (mcg/d)	Vitamin East (mg a-TE)	Vitamin K*
Infants1
0 – 6mo	600	25	ND2	ND
6mo – 12mo	600	38	ND	ND
Children
ane – 3y	600	63	200	ND
four – 8y	900	75	300	ND
Males/Females
ix – 13y	1700	100	600	ND
fourteen – 18y	2800	100	800	ND
19 – 70y	3000	100	1000	ND
>70y	3000	100	thousand	ND
Pregnant and Lactating
<eighteen	2800	100	800	ND
nineteen – 50y	3000	100	1000	ND

¹At 6 months of age, infants may be introduced to solid foods while remaining on formula or breast milk. There may be some overlap in specific food requirements.

²ND = not determinable due to insufficient information

*An UL for vitamin K was not established.

References

Berdanier, C., Berdanier, 50., Zempleni, J. (2009). Avant-garde Diet: Macronutrients, Micronutrients, and Metabolism. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Printing, Taylor & Francis Group.

Duyff, R. (2012). American Dietetic Association: Complete Food and Nutrition Guide. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Gropper, S., Smith, J. (2009).Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

Holick, Yard., Chen, T. (2008). Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide trouble with wellness consequences. American Periodical of Clinical Diet, 87 (4), 1080-1086.

Institute of Medicine (US). (2002). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin Thou, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine (US). (2000). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Constitute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross A., Taylor, C., Yaktine, A., et al., editors. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56070/ doi: 10.17226/13050.

^* J. Clifford, Colorado State University Extension nutrient and nutrition specialist , A. Kozil, graduate student. Original fact sail revised by L. Bellows, Colorado State University Extension food and nutrition specialist and banana professor; and R. Moore, graduate student. xi/2012 . Revised nine/17.

Become to tiptop of this page.

morgandoody1986.blogspot.com

Source: https://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/fat-soluble-vitamins-a-d-e-and-k-9-315/

Share this post